Loan-shifting is the process through which a word undergoes semantic extension on the model of a foreign counterpart, namely when ‘the pre-existing degree of overlap between A and B facilitates the semantic extension of A’.44 For example, Cicero uses Latin conquirere in the following passage with the meaning of the Greek equivalent, ‘dispute with’, as opposed to the Latin ‘seek, procure, collect’:45 Rutilius quidem noster etiam sub ipsis Numantiae moenibus solebat mecum interdum eiusmodi aliquid conquirere (Rep. 1.17) ‘In fact our friend Rutilius sometimes used to debate such a topic with me even beneath the very walls of Numantia.’ Adams states that loan-shifting is often a high-class feature, but he also presents evidence from non-technical, lower-class discourse. In certain Celtic-speaking areas Latin ualles ‘valley’ has undergone semantic shift to include the meaning ‘stream, watercourse’, based on the equivalent term in Celtic nantu/o- meaning ‘valley’ and ‘stream, watercourse’.46