Jesus Seminar Phase 1: Sayings of Jesus

1985 – 1991

SEMINAR DESCRIPTION

The first step in the work of the Jesus Seminar was to inventory and classify all the words attributed to Jesus in the first three centuries of the Common Era. The goal was to review each of 1500 items collected and determine which of them could be ascribed with a high degree of probability to Jesus.

The Seminar collected more than 1500 versions of about 500 items sorted into four categories:

Parables

Aphorisms

Dialogues

Stories containing words attributed to Jesus

The inventory covers all the surviving gospels and reports from the period, not just the canonical gospels. The Fellows adopted this rule: Canonical boundaries are irrelevant in critical assessments of the various sources of information about Jesus.

In other words, the Fellows refused to privilege the gospels that came to be regarded as canonical by the church, which is consistent with the canons of historical inquiry.

Voting

After debate on each agenda item, Fellows voted using colored beads to indicate the degree of authenticity of Jesus’ words. Each color was assigned a number rating, so that votes could be quantified with a weighted average.

The Fellows adopted four categories:

Red (likely authentic)

Pink (somewhat likely)

Gray (somewhat unlikely)

Black (unlikely)

SEMINAR FINDINGS

The sayings the Fellows voted as most likely to be authentic were:

Other cheek (Q) Matt 5:39, Luke 6:29a

Coat & shirt (Q) Matt 5:40, Luke 6:29b

Congratulations, poor! (Q, Thomas) Luke 6:20, Thomas 54

Matt 5:3

Second mile (Q) Matt 5:41

Love of enemies (Q) Luke 6:27b, Matt 5:44b, Luke 6:32, 35a

Leaven (Q, Thomas) Luke 13:20-21, Matt 13:33, Thom 96:1-2

Emperor & God (Thomas, Mark) Thom 100:2b, Mark 12:17b, Luke 20:25b, Matt 22:21c

Give to beggars (Q) Matt 5:42a, Luke 6:30a

The Samaritan (L) Luke 10:30-35

Congratulations, hungry! (Q, Thomas) Luke 6:21a, Matt 5:6, Thom 69:2

Jesus Seminar Fellows also came to consensus on the following:

Jesus of Nazareth did not refer to himself as the Messiah, nor did he claim to be a divine being who descended to earth from heaven in order to die as a sacrifice for the sins of the world. These are claims that some people in the early church made about Jesus, not claims he made about himself.

At the heart of Jesus’ teaching and actions was a vision of a life under the reign of God (or, in the empire of God) in which God’s generosity and goodness is regarded as the model and measure of human life; everyone is accepted as a child of God and thus liberated both from the ethnocentric confines of traditional Judaism and from the secularizing servitude and meagerness of their lives under the rule of the empire of Rome.

Jesus did not hold an apocalyptic view of the reign (or kingdom) of God—that by direct intervention God was about to bring history to an end and bring a new, perfect order of life into being. Rather, in Jesus’ teaching the reign of God is a vision of what life in this world could be, not a vision of life in a future world that would soon be brought into being by a miraculous act of god.