The most natural way to understand Paul’s construction ετερον . . . ουχ ειδον ει μη . . . is ‘The only other apostle I saw [apart from Cephas] was James the Lord’s brother.’ It is less natural to take it to mean ‘I saw none of the other apostles, but I did see James the Lord’s brother’ (cf. J.G. Machen, Galatians, 76-80). It would be difficult to improve on J.B. Lightfoot’s observation that ει μη has (as always) exceptive force, the question here being ‘whether the exception refers to the whole clause or to the verb alone’. In the present construction ‘the sense of ετερον carries των αποστολων with it’ (Galatians, 84f.) L.P. Trudinger, ‘Heteron de tōn apostolōn ouk eidon, ei mē la kōbon . . . : A Note on Galatians i. 19’, NovT 17 (1975), 200-202, argues for the rendering: ‘Apart from the apostles, I saw no one but James, the Lord’s brother’. But, as was pointed out in a reply by G. Howard, ‘Was James an Apostle? A Reflection on a New Proposal for Gal i 19’, NovT 19 (1977), 63f., if Paul had wished to say this, he would have expressed himself differently, saying perhaps ετερον δε η τους αποστολους . . . (or παρα τους αποστολους . . . or εκτος των αποστολων . . . .). Trudinger’s rendering provides a closer harmonization with Acts 9:27, where Barnabas is said to have used his good offices and brought Paul προς τους αποστολους (‘to the apostles’). But it is best to take τους αποστολους in Acts 9:27 as an instance of the generalizing plural.